白癜风是一种色素脱失性疾病，常以局部或皮肤广泛的、不对称的白斑为特征。其病因复杂，仍未完全明确，目前尚无根治方法。白癜风的治疗目的是通过激活黑色素细胞或增强其生成，从而达到恢复色素的效果，以改善临床症状和提高患者的生活质量。以下是关于白癜风诊断与治疗的参考文献。
一、诊断
1. Rokhsar CK, Lee S, Dakhilalian M. Vitiligo: review of the diagnosis and management[J]. American journal of clinical dermatology, 2003, 4(12): 799-807.
2. Taránd G, Széll M, Molnár T, et al. Vitiligo genetic susceptibility and possibilities of treatment[J]. Acta dermato-venereologica, 2019, 99(10): 925-932.
3. Ezzedine K, Lim H W, Suzuki T, et al. Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference Panelists. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference[J]. Pigment cell & melanoma research, 2012, 25(3): E1-E13.
二、治疗
1. Levandowski CB, Mailloux CM, Ferrara TM, et al. Imputing variants in HLA-DR Beta genes reveals that HLA-DRB1 is solely associated with vitiligo[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(6): e67326.
2. Ghorbanibirgani A, Hajizadeh Y, Razi T, et al. Comparison of efficacy of 308-nm excimer laser and topical 0.1% tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized controlled trial[J]. International journal of dermatology, 2018, 57(11): 1297-1301.
3. Yang S, Li S, Zhu G, et al. The Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials[J]. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2017, 2017: 1359483.
4. Iyengar S R, Udupa L. Emerging Therapeutic Interventions for Vitiligo[J]. Indian journal of dermatology, 2018, 63(5): 361-372.
5. Liu J B, Du W D, Gao X H, et al. Topical prostaglandin F2alpha as a possible therapy for vitiligo[J]. The British journal of dermatology, 2008, 159(3): 615-616.
总之，白癜风的诊断主要依据临床表现和患者病史，并结合特殊检查如木光试验等，确诊后应根据病情选择治疗方法。治疗可以采用单一或联合的外用、内服或手术等方式，但每种治疗方法均有其优缺点，应根据临床症状、患者意愿和经济能力等多方面考虑，量身定制个体化治疗方案。
